Methods of integral photography

ABSTRACT

Photographs of the integral type, exhibiting the effect of parallax about both horizontal and vertical axes, are recorded on a spherically lenticulated film, or on a spherically lenticulated screen-film combination, by means of a modified type of camera. Light is admitted to the film by way of a rectangular aperture in the front of the camera instead of through the usual photographic objective lens. If the camera is held stationary during an exposure, the resulting photograph is pseudoscopic instead of stereoscopic. A feature of the present invention involves lateral movement of the camera during an exposure with the effect that the resulting photograph is stereoscopic instead of pseudoscopic.

United States Patent Dudley 1 July 11, 1972 [54] METHODS OF INTEGRAL PHOTOGRAPHY Leslie Peter Dudley, Los Angeles, Calif. Dudley Optical Laboratories, lnc., Beverly [72] Inventor:

[73] Assignee:

Hills, Calif.

[22] Filed: Oct. 12, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 79,776

Related U.S. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 747,996, July 26, I968, Pat. No.

[52] U.S. Cl. ..95/l8 P, 95/36 R [51] ..G03b35/04 [58] FleldofSeurch ..95/l8,18 P, 36, 12.5

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,150,932 6/l936 McDonnell ...9$/l8 P 2,562,077 7/195l Winnek ....95/l8 P 1,953,304 4/1934 Primary Examiner-John M. Horan Assistant Examiner-Alan A. Mathews Attomey-.lessup & Beecher ABSTRACT Photographs of the integral type, exhibiting the effect of para]- lax about both horizontal and vertical axes, are recorded on a spherically lenticulated film, or on a spherically lenticulated screenfilm combination, by means of a modified type of camera. Light is admitted to the film by way of a rectangular aperture in the front of the camera instead of through the usual photographic objective lens. [f the camera is held stationary during an exposure, the resulting photograph is pseudoscopic instead of stereoscopic. A feature of the present invention involves lateral movement of the camera during an exposure with the effect that the resulting photograph is stereoscopic instead of pseudoscopic.

6 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures P'A'TENTEnJuu I I972 SHEET Q 0F 5 Li: A). 424- 4 rrapwzy;

METHODS OF INTEGRAL PHOTOGRAPHY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This application is a division of co-pending U. S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,996 now Pat. No. 3,613,539, filed July 26, 1968 for "Improvements in Integral Photography in the name of the present inventor.

The present invention is concerned with an improved system of stereoscopic or three-dimensional photography. A photograph produced in accordance with one or another of the methods described in this specification exhibits optical characteristics closely resembling those of a hologram. Thus, the aspect of the recorded three-dimensional image changes with change of viewpoint about both horizontal and vertical axis. However, the new type of photograph, which may be appropriately termed an integram or integraph, possesses several important advantages over the hologram. For example, coherent light (e.g., laser illumination) is not required in either taking or viewing the picture. Further advantages are: the photographic equipment employed is compact and simple to operate; exposure times correspond to those which would be required for ordinary two-dimensional photography under the same conditions; action shots and/or the use of flash present no more difiiculty than with ordinary photography, and it is virtually impossible to produce an out-of-focus pic- Hire.

The photographic record constituting an integram consists of a large number of minute, juxtaposed images produced by an optical screen or reseau. The sameor a similar-screen is used when viewing the picture. In the preferred form the screen consists of transparent material embossed on one surface with an array of small lenticules or lenslets of spherical or substantially spherical curvature. The screen is so located with respect to the photographic film emulsion or other photorecording medium that the photo-recording surface is at the focus of the lenticules. A convenient arrangement is for the screen-film combination to be manufactured as a composite unit, the lenticules being formed on the surface of the film,

base opposite the surface carrying the'photosensitive emulsion.

There are, basically, two alternative techniques either one or the other of which may be used for production of an integram; one of these techniques is termed direct integraphy, and the other is referred to as indirect integraphy. The present application is concerned with the direct method, the indirect method being described in co-pending U. S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,93 l filed July 26, 1968, entitled Improvements in Stereoscopic Photography". The method described herein resembles that disclosed by Gabriel Lippmann in 1908 (C. R. Academic des Sciences, Vol. 146, pp. 446-5 l That is to say, the lenticular film or screen-film combination is exposed direct without the use of a camera lens. The film is supported in a suitable camera body or holder during exposure. The exposure is controlled by the use of a filter or filters in front of the film and (or) by adjustment of the shutter speed, the shutter being preferably of the focal-plane type.

A minute image of the entire scene is recorded in the format of each lenticule, but the aspect of the scene represented by each such image is dependent upon the location of the associated lenticule with respect to the other lenticules in the array. Upon viewing the completed photograph. through the lenticular array, the eyes perceive the optical reconstitution or integration of the multiplicity of images which exhibits the form of a single, three-dimensional image. The degree of parallax exhibited by the three-dimensional image, about the horizontal and vertical axes, is governed by the corresponding dimensions of the format of the screen-film film combination. A photograph produced in the simple manner just indicated, as in the case of one produced in accordance with Lippmanns proposal, will be seen in pseudoscopic relief instead of stereoscopic relief. It is a feature of the present invention to provide means whereby this defect can be overcome so that the resulting picture exhibits stereoscopic relief and is correctly oriented. Other features of the invention will become apparent later in the specification.

NATURE OF THE LENTICULES AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE In the co-pending U. 5. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,931, referred to above, there is a detailed discussion of the optical properties of the individual lenticules and methods of manufacturing lenticular film and screens suitable for use in connection with the invention. Such film and screens are also suitable for use in connection with the invention described herein. However, it is generally desirable for lenticules designed for use in the direct method to have a greater acceptance angle than those used in the indirect method. In the case of the direct method, the angular coverage of the photographic system is limited by and to the acceptance angle of the lenticules. 0n the other hand, in the case of the indirect method, the angular coverage of the system is governed solely by that of the camera lens. Thus, the angular coverage can be varied by the simple expedient of changing the lens. In most practical cases the angular coverage of the lens is in excess of the acceptance angle of the lenticules.

IN THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram representing a piece of spherically lenticulated film recording an integral photograph.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view representing a piece of spherically lenticulated film on which an integral photograph is recorded.

FIG. 3 shows the piece offilmin FIG. 2, viewed through the lenticules, subsequent to processing and being rotated through I in the image plane.

FIG. 4 represents a contact (emulsion-to-emulsion) print from the original photograph in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 represents one type of print which can be obtained, by means of a two-stage transposition process, from the original photograph in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 represents a further type of print which can be obtained, by means of a single transposition process, from the original photograph in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 7 through 10 constitute a series of diagrams illustrating the principle of the transposition process.

FIG. II shows a form of camera suitable for taking photographs in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an optical method for extending the stereoscopic base of an integral photographic system.

FIGS. 13a and 13b are diagrams showing mechanical methods for extending the stereoscopic base of an integral photographic system.

BASIC PRINCIPLE FIG. I is a simplified diagram representing a piece of spherically lenticulated film (or screen-film combination) F recording an integral photograph of an object 0. As will be understood, the lenticules are shown greatly enlarged for the sake of clarity. It is to be assumed that the diagram represents a plan view, the left and right edges of the object being denoted by respectively I and r, the corresponding edges of the film being denoted by l and r. It will be observed that the aspect of the little image formed at the focus of each lenticule is dependent upon the location of the lenticule relative to the object, the aspect changing progressively from an extreme leftward view at the edge I of the film to an extreme rightward view at the edge r. In addition to the single row of lenticules illustrated, there are. of course, further, parallel rows of lenticules which must be imagined as disposed in a plane normal to the surface of the drawing. Accordingly, the images recorded by the lenticular array differ in respect of both vertical and horizontal parallax.

Let us now imagine that the processed film is viewed by an observer located in front of the lenticuies at some position such as that occupied by the object 0 in FIG. 1. Then the left 101044 nun ward aspects of the image will lie to his right and will be seen predominantly by his right eye, while the rightward aspects will lie to his left and will be seen predominantly by his left eye. In consequence, the integral image will be seen pseudoscopically. It will also appear upside down or inverted due to the inversion of each little image element resulting from the action of the associated lenticule. If, now, the piece of film be rotated through l80 in its own plane in order to compensate for this inversion, the integral image will be laterally inverted or preverted so that it will again be seen pseudoscopically. In short, in order that the completed photograph may be seen in stereoscopic relief, it is necessary for the individual picture elements to be appropriately reoriented or transposed. The situation is similar to that prevailing when a simple stereogram or stereoscopic pair of photographs has been recorded on a single plate or piece of film; the two views, or reproductions thereof, must be laterally transposed in order that they may be viewed in stereoscopic relief in a stereoscope.

In order that the integral image shall appear sharp, clear and undistorted, it is necessary to provide means for avoiding the formation of secondary or parasitic images. One such means is to arrange, in the manufacture of the lenticular film or other screen-film combination, for each lenticule to be isolated from the adjacent lenticules by a surrounding boundary composed of some opaque substance. This substance may take the form of a photographic emulsion, applied to the lenticulated surface in a thin layer so that it surrounds, without completely covering, the lenticules. The layer is then exposed to light and chemically developed in order to render it both black and opaque. As will be understood, this stage of the manufacturing process is carried out prior to application of the photo-recording layer or layers in those cases in which the lenticular screen is an integral part of the film. An opaque layer of this type is represented in FIG. I by the dark areas between the lenticules. As an alternative, or in addition, to the use of such a layer, it is possible to use a lightshield or hood extending outward from the edges of the film format.

FIG. 2 depicts, greatly enlarged, a small piece of spherically lenticulated film recording an integral photograph of some three-dimensional subject represented by the large letter L, the general direction of the image-forming rays being indicated by the arrow. As will be noted, the piece of film is embossed with sixteen lenticules, in square array. The elementary images formed by the lenticules are numbered consecutively from I to 16. Images Nos. 1, 5, 9 and 13 represent the extreme leftward aspects of the subject; Nos. 4, 8, l2 and 16 represent the extreme rightward aspects; Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the extreme upper aspects; Nos. l3, 14, I5 and 16 represent the extreme lower aspects, and Nos. 6, 7, l0 and II represent intermediate aspects, as will be understood. If the processed film, erected in order to compensate for the image inversion due to the action of the lenticules, is now viewed through the embossed surface, the orientation of the elementary images will be as shown in FIG. 3; thus, the images will be laterally inverted or perverted, in consequence of which the integral image will be pseudoscopic. A further point, but one of minor consequence, is that the effect of vertical parallax will be exhibited in a manner opposite to that occurring in everyday visual experience. This is due to the interchanging of the horizontal rows of images as indicated in the drawing. A contact (emulsionto-emulsion) print from this photograph onto a second, matching piece of lenticular film will bring about the result represented by FIG. 4. In this case the integral image will again be pseudoscopic since, although each individual elementary image is correctly oriented, the leftward aspects are located to the right of the observer, and the rightward aspects are located to his left. Vertical parallax will be exhibited in the same manner as by the arrangement shown in FIG. 3. Clearly, the ideal or perfect solution to this problem would be provided by (a) rotation of each elementary image through 180 within its own format, followed by (b) the making of a contact (emulsion-to-emulsion) print. This would yield the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, resulting in an integral image which is stereoscopic and free of error in respect of vertical parallax. However, as discussed at length in the co-pending U. S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,931, it is a demonstrable fact that stereoscopic photographs which exhibit reversed vertical parallax are entirely acceptable to the observer; indeed, this type of defect will generally pass completely unnoticed. Thus, the arrangement of the elementary images which is represented in FIG. 6 also constitutes a satisfactory integram, as the resulting integral image is correctly oriented and stereoscopic.

FIGS. 7 to 10 are four schematic drawings representing a time-spaced sequence of steps in a transposition process by which the original integral photograph in FIG. 3 can be used to print the integram represented in FIG. 6. This transposition process forms the subject matter of co-pending U. S. Pat. Application Ser. No. (K-873-I Referring to FIG. 7, the original photograph, denoted by O, is placed in emulsion-to-emulsion contact with the matching piece of lenticular material P on which the reproduction is to be printed, the left-hand column of lenticules on 0 being opposite the right-hand column of lenticules on P. The general direction of the printing light rays is indicated by the arrow A. The width of the strip of emulsion being exposed is restricted to the lenticular pitch distance; this can be accomplished by any suitable means, such as by admitting the light via a narrow slit, narrow cylindrical lens, or other convenient arrangement. Thus, in FIG. 7, just those images numbered 16, 12, 8 and 4 are printed. Referring now to FIG. 8, it will be noted that the photograph O has been transported to the left through a distance equal to the lenticular pitch, and that the film P has been transported to the right through the same distance; accordingly, the images numbered 15, 11, 7 and 3 can now be printed to the left of the column of images first reproduced. In FIG. 9 the two pieces of photographic material are depicted as having been again transported, in opposite directions, through a distance equal to the lenticular pitch, making it possible for the third column of images to be printed. FIG. 10 shows, finally, the printing of the fourth and last column of images, the completed integram now being of the type represented in FIG. 6.

The foregoing method of accomplishing the desired result has been selected for description simply as an example of the general principle involved. Various modifications of the technique are possible. The essential feature is that, between successive steps in the printing operation, there must be relative movement between the two films, plates or the like through a distance equal to twice the lenticular pitch. Accordingly, it is not necessary for both pieces of photographic material to be transported laterally. Thus, the piece denoted by P in the diagrams can be held stationary while that denoted by 0, together with the printing aperture or equivalent, is transported laterally through twice the distance(s) indicated in the preceding explanation of the process. In the method preferred by the applicant, the piece of photographic material 0, together with the printing aperture, is held stationary while the piece of photographic material P is transported.

If desired, the aforementioned relative movement between the two pieces of photographic material can be intermittent, printing light being admitted only during the stationary periods. However, the applicant considers it to be more practical and convenient for the movement to be continuous; the light source (e. g., electronic flash) is so synchronized with the film transport mechanism that a light pulse is emitted each time the film has moved through the prescribed distance. Provided that the duration of a pulse is a small fraction (e. g., onehundredth) of the time taken by a lenticule to move past the printing aperture, no perceptible image-smear will result. As an alternative to electronic flash, a source of continuous illumination can be employed, the light being occulted intermittently by means of a synchronously driven shutter, or switched on and off by a synchronously operated commutator device.

By repeating the transposition process, but using a vertical scan instead of the original horizontal scan, an integram of the type shown in FIG. 10 (or FIG. 6) can be converted into one of the type shown in FIG. 5. However, for the reason previously indicated, this second scanning operation is considered to be unnecessary in the majority of practical applications of the process.

No basically new mechanism is required in order to accomplish the transposition process. The accurate transport mechanism which is necessary is available in, for example, ruling engines of the types used for producing fine-pitch line screens and difiraction gratings. (A portion of a typical ruling engine, modified for the manufacture of spherically embossed lenticular film, is illustrated in the co-pending U. S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,93l.) To one skilled in the art, the provision of the necessary light-tight enclosure, film platens, illuminating means, etc., will not present difi'iculty.

Copies of integrams of the types represented in FIGS. 5 and 6 can be made by any of the techniques described in the patent application mentioned above.

CAMERA FOR RECORDING INTEGRAL PHOTOGRAPH FIG. 11 shows an example of an instrument for use in image-recording in accordance with a feature of the invention. This can be either an instrument designed specifically for the purpose or, alternatively, a regular camera which has been appropriately modified.

Although no camera lens is used, it is necessary that the equipment employed shall embody certain physical and mechanical features which are common to the majority of regular photographic cameras. The main features which are considered to be essential are the following: a housing (e.g., camera body), container or film holder for supporting the film or other photosensitive material during image-recording, and for protecting said material from unintentional exposure to light; some means (e.g., variable-speed focal plane shutter) of admitting a controlled amount of light from the subject to the photosensitive surface via the lenticules; means (e.g., film-advance mechanism or a set of cut-film holders) for bringing a fresh, unexposed area of photosensitive material into position after an exposure has been made, and some form of viewfinder.

Consider now that the sketch of FIG. 11 represents a camera, designed originally for use with 35mm or, say, 2 inch wide roll film. Assume, further, that the camera is equipped with a focal plane shutter, actuated by the shutterrelease button 4. The film-advance and shutter-cocking lever l is denoted by the numeral 1 in the sketch, 2 denotes the shutter speed-adjustment knob, 3 denotes the viewfinder, and 5 denotes the film-rewind knob and lever. (The latter control is, of course, required only if cassette-loading is employed.) As will be noted, the camera lens has been removed, and it is to be assumed that a rectangular aperture a b c d has been cut in the front of the camera body. The width (major dimension) of this aperture is preferably about equal to the length of that portion of film which extends between the two spools and is held flat in the focal plane. Thus, the width, can be assumed to be somewhat greater than that of the picture format for which the camera was originally designed. For the sake of simplicity, it will be assumed that the width is equal to twice that of the original format.

In the example arrangement illustrated, two equal rectangular portions at the left and right sides of the aperture have been closed by the insertion of a pair of opaque plates 6 and 10. These plates can be easily removed, when required, for a purpose to be described later. A further, larger plate 7 is inserted between plates 6 and 10, a rectangular or square aperture 8 having been cut in the center portion of this larger plate. The dimensions of this aperture are substantially the same as those of the original format. Into this aperture is inserted a thin-walled, frame-like component 9 which protrudes outward from the camera body for a short distance and inward so that the rear edges are in contact with a sheet of clear glass. This sheet of glass, the surfaces of which are preferably optically coated, extends over the entire area bounded by the rectangle a b c d. The purpose of the glass is to protect the shutter, film, etc. against ingress of dust or other extraneous matter. The portion of the frame 9 which protrudes outward from the camera body can, if desired, be slotted to receive fil ters of various types, such as color filters, polarizing filters, etc. An additional, desirable accessory, denoted by 11 in the sketch is a sun shield designed for fitting around, and attachment to, the front portion of the frame 9.

Modified as shown in H6. 11, the equipment is now adapted for recording, on suitable spherically lenticulated film, integral photographs each of which will be constituted of an array of microscopic images extending over an area of film corresponding to that of the original format. As will be understood, the magnitude of the three-dimensional effect will be governed by the dimensionsprimarily the horizontal dimensionof that format. Now, in the case of a camera of the type illustrated, the length of that dimension will generally be less than 2% inches, so that the three-dimensional effect will be less than nonnal. However, the stereoscopic base can be increased, if desired, with the aid of the removable plates 6, 7 and 10 in the manner now to be described.

On the basis of the assumption, made previously, that the horizontal dimension of the rectangular aperture 0 b c d is equal to twice the width of the original format, it follows that removal of plates 6, 7 and 10 will double the length of the strip of film exposed when the shutter is actuated. Accordingly, the amount of horizontal parallax, and hence, the three-dimensional effect, will also be doubled. The number of exposures that can be made on a given length of film will, of course, be halved. If the instrument employed is a regular camera which has been modified, rather than an instrument which has been designed specifically for the present purpose, there are some further points to be borne in mind if the feature just described is to be utilized. For example, the width of the gate aperture will generally have to be increased; so, too, will the distance traversed by the focal plane shutter. Another point relates to the feature-common to many so-called miniature and smallformat cameras-which provides interlocking of the film-advance (and shutter-cocking) lever and the shutter-release button. The interlocking mechanism prevents double-exposure on a single frame of film, and also obviates film wastage by preventing the operator from advancing a further frame of film into position until the shutter-release button has been pressed. Hence, in order to make a series of exposures each of which occupies a length of film equivalent to two regular frames, we can adopt one or the other of two procedures. One of these procedures is to modify the mechanism in such a way that the film-advance and shutter controls can be operated independently; the film can then be advanced through the required distance equal to the width of two regular frames without the necessity for pressing the shutter-release button after the film has moved through one-half of that distance. The outer, more simple, procedure involves no modification to the camera mechanism; it involves merely the provision of an opaque mask or blind for occulting light from the aperture a b c d when, after the film has moved through one-half of the total required distance, actuation of the shutter is rendered necessary by the interlocking mechanism. Just as it is desirable for a frame 9 and sun shield 11 to be employed in conjunction with the small aperture 8, so, too, is it desirable for a larger, appropriately shaped frame and sun shield to be used in conjunction with the aperture 0 b c d. With the plates 6 and 10 in position, as indicated in the sketch, but with the plate 7 removed, it will be evident that the area of film occupied by each exposure is greater than that of the original format but less than that of the aperture a b c d. It is, of course, desirable for an appropriately shaped frame and sun shield to be used in conjunction with this intermediate-sized aperture also.

If an intermediate-sized aperture, as indicated above, is to be employed, it is preferable for the entire apparatus to be specially designed; in modifying a regular camera to include this feature, it is likely that problems will arise in connection with the film transport mechanism, frame counter, etc.

USE OF AUXILIARY OPTICAL SYSTEM FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing how the stereoscopic base of an integral photographic system can be extended beyond the limit imposed by the dimensions of the film or image format. Referring to FIG. 12, denotes a spherically lenticulated screen the transverse dimensions of which are relatively large compared with those of the image format F. The screen forms a multiplicity of small images, at its focal plane, of the complete scene or subject. This array of images is reproduced, to a reduced scale, in the format F of the lens L,. It is preferable for a field lens L, to be located at, or in close proximity to, the focal plane of the screen S. As will be understood, the image-recording medium at F may be photographic film, the photosensitive face of a television camera tube, or any other type of image-recording or image-receiving medium.

Use of an auxiliary optical system, in the way indicated above, does not change the nature of the integral image from pseudOscopic to stereoscopic; this is because introduction of the lens L,, with or without the field lens L,, simply causes inversion of the array of elementary images as a whole, and does not cause inversion of each elementary image within its own individual format. Hence, transposition of these images must still be accomplished by, for example, the sequential printing process described earlier in the specification. As an altemative to that process, an electronic scanning technique or its opto-mechanical equivalent (i.e., scanning by means of a light-spot instead of an electron beam) can be employed. Transposition by scanning is particularly useful in television applications of the invention. Thus, an image formed in, say, the upper left-hand corner of the format of a television camera can be reproduced, after transmission to a television receiver, in the corresponding corner of the picture tube or in any one of the other three comers, depending upon the arrangement of the scanning circuitry. As will be understood, the faceplate of the picture tube of the receiver must be embossed with lenticules distributed in an array which corresponds with the lenticular array used in transmission. This matter and related topics are discussed in more detail in the applicant's co-pending U. 5. Pat. Application Ser. No. 747,931 to which previous reference has been made.

Referring, once more, to FIG. 12, when the image format at F is that of a television camera tube, it is, of course, unnecessary for the faceplate to be lenticulated. If, however, the format at F is that of a piece of photographic film or the like, the material may be either lenticular or non-lenticular depending upon the manner in which it is to be treated after exposure and processing. For example, assuming a regular photographic plate is employed, the orientation of the elementary images recorded will be as shown in the earlier diagram FIG. 3. These images can then be reoriented, by the transposition process already described, in the way shown in FIG. 5 or that shown in FIG. 6. A suitable, matching lenticular screen can then be laminated to this reproduction so that the picture can be seen in stereoscopic relief. If, on the other hand, a piece of lenticular film is placed at F, the lenticules on the film matching, to an appropriately reduced scale, those on the screen S, the transposition process is rendered unnecessary. This is due to the fact that the additional image-inversion caused by the lenticules on the film results in the elementary images becoming oriented as represented in FIG. 5. However, this is difficult to accomplish in practice owing to the high degree of precision with which it is necessary for the lenticules on the film to be matched with those on the screen S.

MECHANICAL AMPLIFICATION OF STEREOSCOPIC BASE In the U. S. Pat. No. 2,572,994 there is a description of a type of camera mounting so designed that a camera supported thereon can be moved laterally through a predetermined distance during the exposure period. This mounting is intended primarily for use in the taking of stereoscopic photographs of the type known as parallax panoramagrams. However, a mounting of this nature, or a simplified form thereof, can be usefully adapted to form a feature of the present invention as described below.

FIG. 13a is a schematic plan view representing a piece of lenticular film L being exposed to light entering through the vertical slit S in a focal-plane shutter F. The angular field of the lenticules is denoted by 0. It is to be imagined that the film and shutter are contained within a suitable piece of photographic apparatus or camera as discussed earlier in the specification. It is to be assumed, further, that the apparatus, supported on a suitable mounting, is transported laterally from position I to position [1 during the time taken by the shutter slit to traverse the width of the film format. In this pair of diagrams the film and shutter slit are depicted as moving in the same direction. In consequence. extreme leftward images of the scene are recorded on the lefthand edge of the film. and extreme rightward images are recorded on the right-hand edge, just as if the film had remained stationary during exposure. However, the horizontal parallax or stereoscopic base has been increased by an amount equal to the distance through which the film has moved. In the example illustrated, the width of the film is denoted by w, and the distance through which it has moved amounts to 3w; hence, the stereoscopic base has been increased from w to 4w. The orientation of the elementary images is as indicated in the earlier diagram, FIG. 2, so that the integral photograph is pseudoscopic. Hence, in order to produce an integram of the type represented in FIG. 6, transposition about one axis must be performed. If an integram of the type represented in FIG. 5 is required, transposition must be performed about two axes.

FIG. [3b is a diagram similar to FIG. 13a, but in this case the film and the shutter slit are represented as moving in relatively opposite directions. As a result of this arrangement, extreme leftward views of the scene are recorded on the righthand edge of the film, and extreme rightward views are recorded on the left-hand edge. In this case, the resulting stereoscopic base is equal to the distance through which the film has moved minus the width of the film, amounting, in the example illustrated, to 3w w 2w. An important consequence of this type of arrangement is that a contact (emulsion-to-emulsion) print from the original photograph results in the production of an integram of the form represented in FIG. 6, transposition about the horizontal axis having been already accomplished during the photographic operation. Further transposition, about the vertical axis, results in the production of an integram of the type represented in FIG. 5.

With photographic systems of the type under discussion it is necessary to ensure that no perceptible image-smear results from the lateral movement of the film. The principal requirements are:

l. The parallax angle should not be excessive,generally not more than about l5 to 25 in the case of the nearest foreground object. That is to say, the angle subtended at any point in the scene or subject by the total stereoscopic baseline should not be greater than about l5 to 25.

2. The slit in the focal plane shutter should be narrow,-

generally not wider than the lenticular pitch distance, although the slit may have a width in excess of this limit if the parallax angle is small and the lenticular pitch is fine.

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY The principle described in the preceding section can be usefully applied to integral photography from a moving vehicle, such as an aircraft or a spacecraft. In this case, however, the mounting referred to above is not required, the translatory movement of the film relative to the subject (e. g., terrain) being effected by the forward motion of the vehicle. It is preferable for the photographic equipment to be supported in a mounting which pivots in such a manner that, throughout the exposure period, an imaginary straight line extending from the center of the film format, and normal to the surface thereof, passes through substantially the same point in the tarlOl044 D133 get or scene being recorded. The mounting can be stabilized, by methods known to those conversant with the art, to minimize the effects of undesired motion of the vehicle, such as pitch, roll and yaw.

The direction of motion of the focal plane shutter slit should be substantially parallel to the flight axis. Further, in order that the film may be viewed stereoscopically, and not pseudoscopically, immediately after processing, the shutter slit should move in a direction opposite to the direction of flight.

Having fully described the invention, it is to be understood that it is not to be limited to the details herein set forth, but that the invention is of the full scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

l. A method of increasing the effective stereoscopic base of optical imaging systems of the type herein described, the method involving providing a spherically lenticulated film in a camera, providing a rectangular aperture in the camera for directly exposing a predetermined format of the film, mounting a slitted focal plane shutter adjacent said film and between the film and the aperture, supporting the camera on a mounting which moves the camera laterally or arcuately with respect to the subject during the exposure period, and making said exposure through said aperture and through said slitted focalplane shutter, the slit of which traverses the width of the film format laterally from one edge to the opposite edge during the time taken by the camera to move through a predetermined distance.

2. The method claimed in claim 1, in which the camera and shutter slit move in the same direction with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the pseudoscopic mode.

3. The method claimed in claim 1, in which the camera and shutter move relatively in opposite directions with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the stereoscopic mode.

4. The method claimed in claim 1, adapted to integral photography from a moving vehicle, such as an aircraft or space craft, the translatory movement of the camera relative to the subject being efiected by the forward movement of the vehicle, the direction of motion of the shutter slit being substantially parallel to the flight axis, and the camera being supported in a mounting such that, throughout the exposure period, an imaginary straight line extending from the center of the film fonnat, and normal to the surface thereof, passes through substantially the same point in the target or scene being recorded.

5. The method claimed in claim 4, in which the vehicle and shutter slit move in the same direction with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the pseudoscopic mode 6. The method claimed in claim 4, in which the vehicle and shutter slit move relatively in opposite directions with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the stereoscopic mode.

1' t i l 

1. A method of increasing the effective stereoscopic base of optical imaging systems of the type herein described, the method involving providing a spherically lenticulated film in a camera, providing a rectangular aperture in the camera for directly exposing a predetermined format of the film, mounting a slitted focal plane shutter adjacent said film and between the film and the aperture, supporting the camera on a mounting which moves the camera laterally or arcuately with respect to the subject during the exposure period, and making said exposure through said aperture and through said slitted focal-plane shutter, the slit of which traverses the width of the film format laterally from one edge to the opposite edge during the time taken by the camera to move through a predetermined distance.
 2. The method claimed in claim 1, in which the camera and shutter slit move in the same direction with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the pseudoscopic mode.
 3. The method claimed in claim 1, in which the camera and shutter move relatively in opposite directions with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the stereoscopic mode.
 4. The method claimed in claim 1, adapted to integral photography from a moving vehicle, such as an aircraft or space craft, the translatory movement of the camera relative to the subject being effected by the forward movement of the vehicle, the direction of motion of the shutter slit being substantially parallel to the flight axis, and the camera being supported in a mounting such that, throughout the exposure period, an imaginary straight line extending from the center of the film format, and normal to the surface thereof, passes through substantially the same point in the target or scene being recorded.
 5. The method claimed in claim 4, in which the vehicle and shutter slit move in the same direction with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the pseudoscopic mode.
 6. The method claimed in claim 4, in which the vehicle and shutter slit move relatively in opposite directions with the result that the recorded imagery is displayed in the stereoscopic mode. 